1. A suspect appears in court and reacts to a question posed by the judge in the following way:
A: You are John Smith?
B: I’ve been asked that three times already during the investigations.
You should know by now.
Explain in terms of objectives and situation what is going wrong in this communication.
2. Explain why “language” and “marriage” can also be seen as institutions.
3. What is the similarity between the institution concepts as it is used in section 5.2 and the meaning of word ‘institution’ in the Institutia Oratoria by Quintillian and Calvin’s Religionis Christianae Institutio?
4. Divide fragment (3) using the strategies given in (4).
8. Describe the miscommunication in the following dialogue using the concepts ‘objective’, ‘effect’, and ‘situation’.
A: (conductor speaking to a passenger in the no-smoking section of a train)
Sir, there is no smoking here.
B. (passenger holding up a lit cigarette)
Then what does it look like I’m doing?
ANSWERS
The objective of utterance above is that “A” wants to affirm “B” is a man who namesJohn Smith. The situation of conversation is strained and unsafe.As objective has a specific effect: B makes it clear that the illocution is misunderstanding. The question “You are John Smith?” is asked by someone. It doesn’t function as a means of starting a conversation but as an interview and the B’s answer is disconnect with the question.
Because it is used to describe those activities by which individuals construct and maintain a society it is showing as the mediators between individuals and society as a whole, or as the means by which individual can form a society.
The similarity between the institution concept and the meaning of the word institutions is can be viewed as the mediators between individuals and society as a whole or as the means by which individuals can form a society.
a. Role behavior is to clarify behavioral expectations for a role before the interviewing process begins.
b. Differentiation trends
c. Institutional power
The dialogue between two people is occurred miscommunication concept there are to forbidden activities and to be misunderstanding about the utterance of A.
·The objective is to give the information that “there is no smoking there”. It is included the information discourse, but “B” is miscommunication about information from “A”.
·The effect is to describe the phenomena that influenced by the forbidden to smoking.
·The situation is described of evidence of pattern that could influence the interpretation, from the dialogue between A and B is occurred opposite meaning from the understanding of “B”.
What kinds of cohesion are used in the text and explain the meaning each comprehensively?
ANSWERS
The First Paragraph
(1) An article in Campus magazine entitled “Publics Participation For Education” by Miftakhul Khoiri presents the first school Taman Siswa built by Ki Hajar Dewantara.
(2) Education paradigm is growing in Indonesia to fulfill the spirit of education these days. (3) Citizens should get competent education.
(4)Education is responsibility by government and the side of private sector individual and group.
(5) Because of limited cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better than government schools.
(6) Supported by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it also promises the good management on its education.
vIn the first sentence “An article in Campus magazine”is Lexical cohesion (metonymy), because it covers the whole of article.
“Taman Siswa” and “Ki Hajar Dewantara” are Collocation, because they have the same meaning or surrounding.
vIn the second sentence “Education paradigm” and“education these days” are Lexical cohesion (hyponymy), because the word “Education paradigm” is still general, while “education these days” belongs to subdivision from “Education paradigm”.
vIn fifth sentence the word “Because” is Conjunction (hypotactic)
The words “or” and “and” are Conjunction (paratactic)
vIn the sixth sentence the word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic)
The word “this” is anaphoric reference referring to “business education”.
The word “Because” is Conjunction (hypotactic)
The word “it” is anaphoric reference referring to “business education”.
The word “its” is anaphoric reference referring to education which is in school.
The Second Paragraph
(7)Indonesia has pesantrenas education system (Islamic boarding house models).
(8)It is classified into two models: First Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can stay and study freely.
(9)They study about Islamic science for the sake of individual and public.
(10)The traditional pesantren still be one choice by our society under class social.
(11)Second, Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students.
(12)They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.
(13)They are prepared to face the era that always changes.
vIn the seventh sentence the word “pesantren” is Lexical cohesion (synonymy) referring to “Islamic boarding house models”.
vIn the eighth sentence the word “it” is anaphoric reference referring to “pesantren”.
The word “models” is Lexical cohesion (synonymy) referring to “pesantren”.
The word “First Traditional” is Ellipsis, because the omission of word “pesantren” or “model”.
The word “it” is anaphoric reference referring to “First traditional”.
The word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).
vIn the ninth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “students”.
vIn the tenth sentence “The traditional pesantren” is cataphoric reference, because the preceding word has been mentioned by word “it”.
vIn the eleventh sentence the word “Because” is Conjunction (hypotactic).
The word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).
vIn the second and eleventh sentence the words “First” and “Second” are Conjunction (temporal).
vIn the twelve sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “students”.
vIn the thirteenth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “other sciences”.
The Third Paragraph
(14)Without already realized the friction that could be happened from motivation of organizer and management of existing education.
(15)To get the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children.
(16)Poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.
(17) Government and private sector individually and group have big homework to repair their education inspect that aims on making organization of education.
vIn the fifteenth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “government and private sector individual and group”.
vIn the sixteenth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “Poor people”.
The Fourth Paragraph
(18)I agree with the writer who says that about publics participation for education is importance.
(19)He says that the education not only managed by government, but also the society has contribution to build education together, about how they create good education, both the facilities, system and soon.
(20) The government should think that all the society level can enjoy education reasonably.
(21) Moreover, to get good education with equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children.
(21)I think that the middle society should optimalize brilliant brain to be able to compete with others.
(22) The writer says that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.
(23)I think that this statement is true.
(24) The government and the private school should really provide scholarship for the students who have competence to enjoy education.
vIn the eighteenth sentence the word “I” is anaphoric reference referring to “Fitri Nurwiyanti”.
The word “the writer” is anaphoric reference referring to “Miftakhul Khoiri”.
vIn the nineteenth sentence the word “He” is anaphoric reference referring to “Miftakhul Khoiri”.
The word “but” is Conjunction (paratactic).
The word “both....and....” is Elliptical conjunction.
vIn the twentieth-one sentence the word “I” is anaphoric reference referring to “Fitri Nurwiyanti”.
vIn the twentieth-four sentence the word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).
