Discourse Assignment 3

TASK 3 “Assignment of Discourse”

Name  : Anisa Supriyeni

NIM    : A 320 090 027

Class   : A

QUESTIONS

1. A suspect appears in court and reacts to a question posed by the judge in the following   way:

A:   You are John Smith?

B:    I’ve been asked that three times already during the investigations.

            You should know by now.

Explain in terms of objectives and situation what is going wrong in this communication.

2. Explain why “language” and “marriage” can also be seen as institutions.

3. What is the similarity between the institution concepts as it is used in section 5.2 and the meaning of word ‘institution’ in the Institutia Oratoria by Quintillian and Calvin’s Religionis Christianae Institutio?

4. Divide fragment (3) using the strategies given in (4).

8. Describe the miscommunication in the following dialogue using the concepts ‘objective’, ‘effect’, and ‘situation’.

A:   (conductor speaking to a passenger in the no-smoking section of a train)

            Sir, there is no smoking here.

B.    (passenger holding up a lit cigarette)

            Then what does it look like I’m doing?

ANSWERS

1. The objective of utterance above is that “A” wants to affirm “B” is a man who names John Smith. The situation of conversation is strained and unsafe.As objective has a specific effect: B makes it clear that the illocution is misunderstanding. The question “You are John Smith?” is asked by someone. It doesn’t function as a means of starting a conversation but as an interview and the B’s answer is disconnect with the question.
2. Because it is used to describe those activities by which individuals construct and maintain a society it is showing as the mediators between individuals and society as a whole, or as the means by which individual can form a society.
3. The similarity between the institution concept and the meaning of the word institutions is can be viewed as the mediators between individuals and society as a whole or as the means by which individuals can form a society.
4. a. Role behavior is to clarify behavioral expectations for a role before the interviewing process begins.

b. Differentiation trends

c. Institutional power

8. The dialogue between two people is occurred miscommunication concept there are to forbidden activities and to be misunderstanding about the utterance of A.

·      The objective is to give the information that “there is no smoking there”. It is included the information discourse, but “B” is miscommunication about information from “A”.

·      The effect is to describe the phenomena that influenced by the forbidden to smoking.

·      The situation is described of evidence of pattern that could influence the interpretation, from the dialogue between A and B is occurred opposite meaning from the understanding of “B”.

           

Discourse Assignment 2

TASK 2 “Assignment of Discourse”

Name  : Anisa Supriyeni

NIM    : A 320 090 027

Class   : A

QUESTION

What kinds of cohesion are used in the text and explain the meaning each comprehensively?

ANSWERS

The First Paragraph

(1) An article in Campus magazine entitled “Publics Participation For Education” by Miftakhul Khoiri presents the first school Taman Siswa built by Ki Hajar Dewantara.

(2) Education paradigm is growing in Indonesia to fulfill the spirit of education these days. (3) Citizens should get competent education.

(4) Education is responsibility by government and the side of private sector individual and group.

(5) Because of limited cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better than government schools.

(6) Supported by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it also promises the good management on its education.

v  In the first sentence “An article in Campus magazine”  is Lexical cohesion (metonymy), because it covers the whole of article.

“Taman Siswa” and “Ki Hajar Dewantara” are Collocation, because they have the same meaning or surrounding.

v  In the second sentence “Education paradigm” and “education these days” are Lexical cohesion (hyponymy), because the word “Education paradigm” is still general, while “education these days” belongs to subdivision from “Education paradigm”.

v  In fifth sentence the word “Because” is Conjunction (hypotactic)

The words “or” and “and” are Conjunction (paratactic)

v  In the sixth sentence the word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic)

The word “this” is anaphoric reference referring to “business education”.

The word “Because” is Conjunction (hypotactic)

The word “it” is anaphoric reference referring to “business education”.

The word “its” is anaphoric reference referring to education which is in school.

The Second Paragraph

(7) Indonesia has pesantren as education system (Islamic boarding house models).

(8) It is classified into two models: First Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can stay and study freely.

(9) They study about Islamic science for the sake of individual and public.

(10) The traditional pesantren still be one choice by our society under class social.

(11) Second, Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students.

(12) They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.

(13) They are prepared to face the era that always changes.

v  In the seventh sentence the word “pesantren” is Lexical cohesion (synonymy) referring to “Islamic boarding house models”.

v  In the eighth sentence the word “it” is anaphoric reference referring to “pesantren”.

The word “models” is Lexical cohesion (synonymy) referring to “pesantren”.

The word “First Traditional” is Ellipsis, because the omission of word “pesantren” or “model”.

The word “it” is anaphoric reference referring to “First traditional”.

The word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).

v  In the ninth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “students”.

v  In the tenth sentence “The traditional pesantren” is cataphoric reference, because the preceding word has been mentioned by word “it”.

v  In the eleventh sentence the word “Because” is Conjunction (hypotactic).

The word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).

v  In the second and eleventh sentence the words “First” and “Second” are Conjunction (temporal).

v  In the twelve sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “students”.

v  In the thirteenth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “other sciences”.

The Third Paragraph

(14) Without already realized the friction that could be happened from motivation of organizer and management of existing education.

(15) To get the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children.

(16) Poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.

(17) Government and private sector individually and group have big homework to repair their education inspect that aims on making organization of education.

v  In the fifteenth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “government and private sector individual and group”.

v  In the sixteenth sentence the word “They” is anaphoric reference referring to “Poor people”.

 

The Fourth Paragraph

(18) I agree with the writer who says that about publics participation for education is importance.

(19) He says that the education not only managed by government, but also the society has contribution to build education together, about how they create good education, both the facilities, system and soon.

(20) The government should think that all the society level can enjoy education reasonably.

(21) Moreover, to get good education with equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children.

(21) I think that the middle society should optimalize brilliant brain to be able to compete with others.

(22) The writer says that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.

(23) I think that this statement is true.

(24) The government and the private school should really provide scholarship for the students who have competence to enjoy education.

v  In the eighteenth sentence the word “I” is anaphoric reference referring to “Fitri Nurwiyanti”.

The word “the writer” is anaphoric reference referring to “Miftakhul Khoiri”.

v  In the nineteenth sentence the word “He” is anaphoric reference referring to “Miftakhul Khoiri”.

The word “but” is Conjunction (paratactic).

The word “both....and....” is Elliptical conjunction.

v  In the twentieth-one sentence the word “I” is anaphoric reference referring to “Fitri Nurwiyanti”.

v  In the twentieth-four sentence the word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).

Discourse Assignment 1

TASK 1 “Assignment of Discourse”

Name  : Anisa Supriyeni

NIM    : A 320 090 027

Class   : A

The 1st to the 3rd meeting assignment of DA

1. Explain in your own words what discourse study is. To answer the question: first examine the three texts (under the activity 1a 1b and 1c) in the book “Discourse Analysis” by David Nunan (page 1-2).

2. Choose one short article in English from a newspaper and find the cohesion and deixis used within the article. Make the interpretation of the meaning of each kind of cohesion and deixis throughout the context of the text.

ANSWERS

1.        Discourse study is the study of language, which is, the interpretation of communicative event in context, so it is perceived to be meaningful.

2.       300 kg of nails collected on C. Jakarta’s streets in 4 months

The Jakarta Post, Monday January 9, 2012

1.      A total of 300 kilograms of nails spread intentionally on the roads in Central Jakarta was collected by the Sabu Bersih Ranjau (Saber) community from August to November last year.

2.      The community voluntarily patrols regularly to remove nails from the streets.

3.      We have collected 300 kilograms of nails in Central Jakarta only, such as from Jl. Hasyim Ashari, Sawah Besar and around Pasar Senen,” Saber coodinator Siswanto said during a patrol on Sunday.

4.      “Thirty percent of the collected nails were found in front of the presidential palace,” he said.

5.      Most of the nails collected are 3 to 5 centimeters long, he added.

6.      “Every day, during the morning patrol, we collect at least 1 kilogram of nails, but on our night shift, we collect more than that,” Siswanto said. Equipped with magnets on a long stick and flashlights, Saber volunteers patrol Central and West Jakarta from 5:30 a.m. to 10 a.m. and from 5:30 p.m. to 10 p.m.

7.      “West Jakarta has started to see fewer areas prone to nail traps, unlike in Central Jakarta,” he said.

8.      Another Saber volunteer, Rohim, said the members also sometimes patrolled around Pulogadung in East Jakarta.

9.      The type of nail trap in East Jakarta is often made from pieces of umbrella spokes, Rohim said.

10.  Saber believed that the perpetrators were roadside tire-repair men who regularly put nails on roads to stimulate their business.

11.  Saber community currently has 11 members of various backgrounds, such as ojek (motorcycle taxi) drivers, private employees and street sweepers.

12.  The head of security and safety at the Jakarta Traffic Police, Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan, said traffic police officers across the city also conducted similar operations to clean the streets of nails everyday.

13.  He said the Jakarta Police also had one car designed specifically to remove nails from streets.

14.  Yakub said there were two motives behind nail traps, as the perpetrators usually targeted motorcycle drivers and car owners during peak hours.

15.  “The nails are ussually placed by the perpetrators on the street at dawn around 3 a.m. and 4:30 a.m. and before dusk,” he told The Jakarta Post.

16.  “when motorcyclist are in a rush for work or home, this ploy is usually used by tire-repair men to sell tires at a high price. While for cars the motive is purely criminal in that when victims pull over due to a flat tire, the perpetrators take the chance to steal valuables from the cars,” he said.

17.  Yakub advised road users to be cautious when passing areas prone to nail traps, including Jl. Raya Bekasi, Daan Mogot in West Jakarta, Jl. Majapahit in Central Jakarta, Jl. Prof. Dr, Satrio in South Jakarta and Jl. Cakung-Cilincing Raya in North Jakarta.

COHESION ANALYSIS

v  In the second sentence “The community” is Ellipsis because the omission of word “the Sabu Bersih Ranjau (Saber)”.

v  In the third sentence “We” is anaphoric reference referring to “the Sabu Bersih Ranjau (Saber) community”.

The word “nails” is Lexical cohesion (repetition) reffering to “nails (in the first and second sentence)”.

The word “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).

v  In the fourth sentence “he” is anaphoric reference referring to “Siswanto”.

v  In the fifth sentence “he” is anaphoric reference referring to “Siswanto”.

v  In the sixth sentence “We” is anaphoric reference referring to “the Sabu Bersih Ranjau (Saber) community”.

The word “but” is Conjunction (paratactic).

The word “Siswanto” is cataphoric reference, because the preceding word has been mentioned by word “he”.

v  In the seventh sentence “West jakarta” is Lexical cohesion (repetition) reffering to “West jakarta (in the sixth sentence)”.

The word “he” is anaphoric reference referring to “Siswanto”.

v  In the tenth sentence “their” is anaphoric reference referring to “men who regularly put nails on roads”.

v  In the eleventh sentence “and” is Conjunction (paratactic).

v  In the twelve sentence “Adj. Comr.” is Lexical cohesion (synonymy) referring to “Yakup Dedy Karyawan”.

v  In the thirteenth sentence “He” is anaphoric reference referring to “Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan”.

v  In the fourteenth sentence “Yakub” is cataphoric reference, because the preceding word has been mentioned by word “he”.

v  In the fifteenth sentence “he” is anaphoric reference referring to “Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan”.

v  In the sixteenth sentence “he” is anaphoric reference referring to “Yakup Dedy Karyawan”.

v  In the seventh sentence “Yakub” is cataphoric reference, because the preceding word has been mentioned by word “he”.

DEIXIS ANALYSIS

v  The first sentence

-          Temporal deixis, “last year” means in 2011.

v  The second sentence

-          Spatial deixis, “streets” mean on the roads in Central Jakarta.

v  The thirth sentence

-          Person deixis, “We” mean Sabu Bersih Ranjau (Saber) community and Siswanto as Saber coodinator.

-          Social deixis (absolute), “Saber coodinator” means Siswanto.

-          Temporal deixis, “Sunday” means a day before on Monday.

v  The fourth sentence

-          Person deixis, “he” means Siswanto.

v  The fifth sentence

-          Person deixis, “he” means Siswanto.

v  The sixth sentence

-          Temporal deixis

·      “Everyday” means the time where the activity remove nails from the streets regularly.

·      “night shift” means the time where the activity remove nails from the streets in hours of dusk.

·      “5:30 a.m. to 10 a.m.” means the time, in which, hours of morning patrol.

·      “5:30 p.m. to 10 p.m.” means the time, in which, hours of dusk patrol.

-          Person deixis, “our” mean Sabu Bersih Ranjau (Saber) community and Siswanto as Saber coodinator.

v  The seventh sentence

-          Person deixis, “he” means Siswanto.

v  The eighth sentence

-          Spatial deixis, “around Pulogadung” means in East Jakarta.

v  The tenth sentence

-          Person deixis, “their” mean roadside tire-repair men

v  The twelve sentence

-          Social deixis (absolute), “The head of security and safety” means Traffic Police, Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan.

-          Temporal deixis, “everyday” means the time where the activity remove nails from the streets regularly.

v  The thirteenth sentence

-          Person deixis, “He” means Traffic Police, Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan

v  The fourteenth sentence

-          Temporal deixis, “peak hours” mean the time, in which, motorcycle drivers and car owners are crowded

v  The fifteenth sentence

-          Temporal deixis

·      “the street at dawn” means the time where the perpetrators placed the nails around 3 a.m. and 4:30 a.m.

·      “before dusk” means the time prior to coming early evening.

-          Person deixis, “he” means Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan.

v  The sixteenth sentence

-          Discourse deixis, “this” means to relate the time when motorcyclist are in a rush for work or home and the time usually used by tire-repair men to sell tires at a high price and take the chance to steal valuables from the cars.

-          Person deixis, “he” means Adj. Comr. Yakup Dedy Karyawan.